Definition of Seed Science

A seed, a paramount component in the life cycle of plants, serves as a reservoir for the embryonic plant or miniature plant. Functioning as a means of reproduction for all plant species, seeds play a pivotal role in perpetuating plant life. A distinctive characteristic lies in the structural variations between gymnosperms and flowering plants concerning seed protection. In the case of gymnosperms, seeds are exposed to the external environment, lacking the safeguard of a structure like the fruit. This exposure, while distinct, contrasts with flowering plants, where seeds find protection within a specialized structure called the fruit. The fruit serves as a shield, encapsulating and safeguarding the seed from external threats or detrimental factors.

The potential for new plant generation lies dormant within the seed, awaiting the conducive environmental conditions for activation. These conditions encompass a range of factors, including optimal temperature, humidity, and other critical elements. Once subjected to these favorable conditions, the seed undergoes germination, initiating the development of a new plant. This inherent capability underscores the resilience and adaptability embedded in seeds, making them integral to the perpetuation and evolution of plant life across diverse ecosystems.

Difference Between Certified Seen and Truthful Labelled Seed.

Certified Seed and Truthful Labeled Seed exhibit distinctions in their certification processes and applicability within the seed industry. Certified seed voluntarily undergoes a rigorous certification process, assuring quality through oversight by certification agencies. This certification exclusively applies to notified kinds, demanding adherence to minimum field and seed standards. Rigorous testing for physical purity and germination is conducted, with samples carefully collected by seed certification officers to maintain stringent quality control.

In contrast, Truthful Labeled Seed imposes mandatory labelling requirements for both notified kinds and released varieties. The producing agency shoulders the responsibility for quality assurance, with seed inspectors exclusively designated to collect samples for stringent quality checks. This compulsory labeling framework extends a heightened level of accountability, ensuring accurate representation and strict adherence to specified standards for both notified and released seed varieties. By placing the onus on the producing agency and designating seed inspectors for quality assessment, the process aims to uphold transparency, reliability, and adherence to established benchmarks in the labeling of seeds across the industry.

Seed Classification as Per Freezing Method

Seeds can be classified into two distinct categories based on their response to freezing conditions: Orthodox Seeds and Recalcitrant Seeds, also known as Unorthodox Seeds. Orthodox Seeds exhibit a remarkable ability to endure freezing temperatures, surviving in a dormant state. This adaptability allows them to withstand prolonged periods of freezing and thawing without losing viability. On the contrary, Recalcitrant Seeds lack this tolerance and are highly susceptible to damage from freezing, often losing viability when subjected to cold temperatures. Understanding these freezing classifications is crucial for effective seed storage and preservation, aligning with the diverse needs of different plant species in various environmental contexts.

Orthodox Seeds

Orthodox seeds, often referred to as desiccation-resistant seeds, possess the unique characteristic of enduring extended storage durations without compromising their viability. These seeds, exemplified by numerous annual and biennial crops such as Citrus aurantifolia, Capsicum annum, and guava (Psidium guajava), can be efficiently dried to as low as 5% moisture content without incurring damage, and they exhibit remarkable resilience to freezing temperatures. The synergy between low moisture levels and freezing conditions contributes to an extended lifespan for orthodox seeds, making them well-suited for ex-situ conservation without significant challenges.

Noteworthy examples, like the 2000-year-old Judean date palm seed successfully germinated in 2005 after accidental storage followed by controlled germination, underscore the remarkable longevity potential of orthodox seeds. While the lifespan of these seeds can vary from over a year to several hundred years, the upper limit remains uncertain, emphasizing the need for ongoing research into the maximum survival time of properly stored orthodox seeds. This intricate interplay between moisture content, freezing tolerance, and extended viability underscores orthodox seeds’ significance in preserving plant species’ genetic diversity.

Recalcitrant Seeds (Unorthodox Seeds)

Recalcitrant seeds, also known as desiccation-responsive seeds, stand in stark contrast to their orthodox counterparts due to their notably brief lifespan and inherent inability to endure low moisture levels or freezing conditions. Unlike orthodox seeds, recalcitrant seeds cannot be dried to a moisture content below 20-30% without suffering damage, and they lack the resilience to withstand freezing temperatures. These characteristics pose significant challenges to the effective storage and ex-situ conservation of recalcitrant seeds.

The high moisture content in recalcitrant seeds makes them prone to microbial contamination and accelerates seed degradation. Freezing these seeds leads to the formation of ice crystals, causing damage to cell membranes and freezing injury. Consequently, storing plants containing recalcitrant seeds necessitates maintaining them in the growing phase, propagating vegetatively to preserve their genetic material effectively.

Recalcitrant species are often found among trees and shrubs in tropical, moist temperate, and certain aquatic environments. Examples include avocado, cacao, coconut, jackfruit, lychee, mango, rubber, tea, horticultural trees, and plants used in traditional medicine. Their inherently short life span further complicates conservation efforts, with some species losing viability within a week when exposed to air, emphasizing the urgency in addressing the unique challenges posed by recalcitrant seeds in seed storage and preservation.

Intermediate Seeds

Several seeds exhibit characteristics that defy strict categorization into orthodox or recalcitrant classes, forming an intermediate category. Certain seeds display resilience to desiccation but remain susceptible to freezing temperatures, introducing a nuanced dimension to seed classification. Notably, seeds from citrus and coffee exemplify this intermediate nature, embodying a unique combination of traits that challenge conventional categorizations. Unlike orthodox seeds, these intermediates can withstand partial drying but lack the robust freezing tolerance associated with true orthodox seeds. The existence of such intermediate seeds underscores the intricate variability within the plant kingdom and necessitates a more nuanced understanding of seed behavior for effective conservation and storage practices. As scientists delve deeper into the complexities of seed characteristics, the identification and classification of seeds continue to evolve, contributing to the refinement of seed preservation strategies.

Seeds Isolation Distance

In seed production, ensuring the genetic purity of crops is imperative, necessitating the implementation of isolation distances between fields of the same crop species. This precaution, known as the isolation distance, varies according to the specific crop and prevents undesirable pollination from foreign pollen. In cross-pollinated and often cross-pollinated plants and self-pollinated species susceptible to mechanical mixture, isolation is crucial. The required isolation distance ranges from 3 meters for self-pollinated crops like wheat and rice, to 200 meters for maize, bajra, and jowar, and even extends to 400 meters in the case of jowar when isolated from Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense). These varying isolation distances reflect the diverse pollination mechanisms and reproductive strategies employed by different crop species in seed production. The minimum Isolation distance of different crops for seed production is given below:

Note: “-” denotes not applicable in the case of Potato for Foundation Seed. The ranges for Certified Seed in Carrot represent varying isolation distances depending on specific conditions.

Prepping for NABARD Grade A, FCI AGM and NABARD Grade B with ixambee

In NABARD Grade A, NABARD Grade B, and FCI AGM exams, a comprehensive understanding of seed sciences holds paramount importance. This falls under the domain of Agricultural and Rural Development, a crucial section in these competitive exams. A sound knowledge of seed sciences is instrumental for aspirants aiming to excel in topics related to crop production, agriculture, and rural development. Questions in this category can encompass seed classifications, breeding techniques, and the significance of certified seeds. 

Given these exams’ focus on agricultural development and rural economy, a nuanced understanding of seed sciences becomes a key asset. This knowledge aids aspirants in comprehending sustainable agricultural practices, crop improvement strategies, and the role of certified seeds in enhancing productivity. As these exams assess candidates on multiple agricultural and rural development dimensions, mastering seed sciences contributes significantly to achieving a competitive edge in this domain. ixamBee provides prospective students with ample opportunities to prepare thanks to its comprehensive NABARD Grade A, FCI AGM, and NABARD Grade B Online Course. Students can also use other resources like NABARD Grade A, FCI AGM and NABARD Grade B  Free Mock Tests and NABARD Grade A, FCI AGM and NABARD Grade B Previous Year Papers. Candidates can also use BeePedia for preparation. 

Summing Up

A comprehensive understanding of seed sciences is pivotal for success in competitive exams such as NABARD Grade A, NABARD Grade B, and FCI AGM. The intricate knowledge of seed classifications, breeding techniques, and the significance of certified seeds is essential for navigating questions related to crop production, agriculture, and rural development. Mastering seed sciences contributes to exam success and enhances proficiency in sustainable agricultural practices. Aspirants can leverage resources like ixamBee’s Online Course, Free Mock Tests, and BeePedia to ensure thorough preparation and achieve a competitive edge.

To help you prepare 50% faster for competitive exams, ixamBee provides a free Mock Test Series and all the Current Affairs in English and Current Affairs in Hindi in the BeePedia capsules for GA Preparation. You can also get the latest updates for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, SSC, RBI Grade B, NABARD, and Other Government Jobs.

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Stay updated with the latest agricultural developments, including government initiatives, policy changes, and economic trends. Regularly follow reputable news sources, agricultural magazines, and government publications. Make note of key schemes such as those under the Agricultural and Rural Development (ARD), construction schemes for rural infrastructure, and employment schemes like MGNREGA.

Given the importance of taglines and acronyms in the exams, memorize the taglines for various schemes and understand the full forms of relevant abbreviations. Additionally, delve into subsidy schemes and their intricacies to comprehensively understand.

For a holistic preparation, familiarize yourself with the recent advancements in agricultural technology, sustainable farming practices, and global agricultural trends. Explore the impact of international trade agreements on the agriculture sector, as this knowledge might be relevant in answering questions on the agriculture economy.

To stay ahead, revise current affairs regularly and practice mock tests based on the latest patterns. This will not only enhance your knowledge but also improve your time management skills during the actual exam. By adopting this strategic approach, you can confidently navigate the Current Affairs Agriculture section and maximize your chances of success in the NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM exams.

Current Affairs Agriculture: Preparation Guidelines

To excel in comprehensive Current Affairs Agriculture, concentrate on cropping patterns, irrigation, storage, transport, marketing, farm subsidies, MSP, Public Distribution System, food security, food processing, and land reforms. Follow these steps: stay abreast of policy changes, understand farm subsidies and MSP intricacies, grasp PDS dynamics, explore food processing trends, and stay updated on land reforms. Utilize reputable sources, revise regularly, and practice answering questions. Study key agricultural schemes and rural development initiatives, and refer to PIB updates, ministry announcements, and various reports like ISFR, livestock census, NABARD reports, and the Economic Survey to enrich your knowledge on awards, conferences, and important personalities in the agriculture sector.

• Policy Dynamics in Agriculture: Regularly staying informed about government interventions in cropping patterns, irrigation methods, and reforms in the storage, transportation, and marketing of agricultural produce is crucial. Consistently monitoring policy changes ensures a deep understanding of their implications on the agricultural sector. This proactive approach to current affairs enables aspirants to grasp the evolving dynamics of agricultural policies and positions them well for exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM.

• Farm Subsidies and MSP Dynamics: Delving into the intricacies of farm subsidies and analyzing their impact on agriculture is paramount for exam preparation. Stay abreast of Minimum Support Price (MSP) dynamics, ensuring a thorough understanding of its implications on farmers and the overall agricultural economy. Promptly updating your knowledge as policies evolve is crucial, as it allows you to navigate nuanced questions in exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM, showcasing a comprehensive grasp of the dynamic landscape of farm subsidies and MSP policies.

• PDS Efficiency and Developments: Acquiring an in-depth understanding of the Public Distribution System (PDS) is pivotal for grasping the intricacies of food security. Recognized as a cornerstone, the PDS warrants focused attention in exam preparation. Stay consistently informed about the system’s latest developments, alterations in distribution mechanisms, and government initiatives to augment its efficiency. This proactive approach ensures that aspirants are well-versed in the evolving dynamics of the PDS, positioning them to tackle questions related to food security in exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM successfully.

• Trends in Food Processing: Exploring trends in food processing is crucial, given the growing emphasis on value addition in agriculture. Stay well-informed about technological advancements in the sector, government schemes promoting food processing industries, and their broader impact on the agricultural landscape. This comprehensive knowledge not only showcases awareness of evolving agricultural practices but also positions aspirants strongly to address questions related to food processing trends in exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM. It demonstrates a nuanced understanding of the contemporary dynamics shaping the interface between agriculture and food processing industries.

• Evolution of Land Reforms: Comprehending the evolving landscape of land reforms is crucial for aspirants preparing for agricultural exams. Regularly track policy changes and land redistribution initiatives to stay informed about their implications on agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods. This awareness ensures a nuanced understanding of the socio-economic dynamics associated with land reforms. It equips candidates to tackle questions related to the changing agricultural landscape and the impact of policy interventions on rural communities, providing a solid foundation for success in exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM.

• Utilizing Reliable Sources: Prioritize reliance on reputable sources, including government reports, agricultural publications, and trustworthy news outlets. Ensuring your knowledge is rooted in accurate and up-to-date data is essential for comprehensive exam preparation. By sourcing information from these credible outlets, aspirants can build a robust foundation, demonstrating a commitment to precision and staying well-informed on the latest developments. This approach is vital for success in agricultural exams such as NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM, where accuracy and current awareness play pivotal roles in answering questions effectively.

• Regular Revision Strategies: Reinforce your comprehension by consistently revising the learned material and practicing responses to questions related to agriculture’s current affairs. Regular revision enhances retention, ensuring that key concepts are firmly ingrained. Additionally, practicing with questions sharpens your problem-solving skills and boosts exam preparedness. This iterative process solidifies your understanding of agricultural topics and instills confidence in tackling diverse questions during exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM. Consistent revision and practice are integral to a successful and well-rounded exam preparation strategy.

• In-depth Study of Agricultural Schemes: Immerse yourself in an in-depth exploration of farmer-centric schemes such as PM-Kisan, PMKMY, Operation Greens, PMFBY, KCC, and PKCCS, among others. Grasp the objectives, beneficiaries, and the impact these initiatives have on the agricultural sector and the economic conditions of farmers. Understanding the intricacies of each scheme is crucial for comprehensive exam preparation. This knowledge demonstrates awareness of government interventions and equips you to respond effectively to questions related to the implementation and outcomes of these farmer-centric schemes in exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM.

• Coverage of Rural Development Schemes: Concentrate on rural development schemes like PMGSY, Mission Antyodaya, NSAP, DDAY, etc. Pay meticulous attention to details such as establishment dates, objectives, beneficiaries, and the ministry responsible for implementation. A thorough understanding of these schemes is crucial for exam preparation, showcasing your knowledge of initiatives to uplift rural areas. This detailed knowledge allows you to address questions comprehensively, demonstrating awareness of the goals and impact of rural development schemes in exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM.

• PIB Updates for Comprehensive Knowledge: Harness the power of Press Information Bureau (PIB) updates to gather valuable insights into government projects, policy initiatives, notable speeches, and historical accounts related to agriculture. Utilizing PIB enhances your understanding of various government schemes and initiatives in the agricultural sector. This source provides a direct channel to authentic and official information, allowing you to stay current with developments and policies. Regular engagement with PIB updates is a strategic approach for aspirants preparing for exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM, ensuring a nuanced understanding of government actions and their impact on the agricultural landscape.

Preparation Tips for Current Agriculture.

Engaging in the study of current agriculture keeps you abreast of the latest developments and provides a comprehensive view of the field. This ongoing awareness lets you stay informed about new agricultural schemes and technologies, offering upgraded resources for effective exam preparation. By immersing yourself in the dynamic landscape of current agriculture, you gain valuable insights that can enhance your understanding and contribute to a well-rounded preparation strategy. This approach ensures you can tackle questions about the evolving agricultural scenario in exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM. Here are some tips that will help you prepare well for Current Agriculture. 

• Cover Schemes First, then Data: Adopting a strategic approach to scheme-related study is crucial for effective exam preparation. Begin by thoroughly understanding a scheme’s aim, objectives, changes, and advancements. This foundational knowledge provides a comprehensive understanding. In the final stretch, approximately 20 days before the exam, focus on specific data related to the scheme. This targeted revision ensures that details are fresh in your memory and minimizes the risk of forgetting crucial information. You create a well-rounded preparation strategy by prioritizing comprehension initially and then revisiting specific details closer to the exam. This approach enhances retention and recall, optimizing your readiness for exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM.

• Regularly Study PIB Updates: Staying current with PIB updates is vital for success in exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM. Given the volume of information over six months, a consistent and regular study routine is essential. Break down the updates into manageable segments and dedicate specific study sessions to cover them comprehensively. Create a schedule that allows you to review PIB updates regularly, ensuring that you are aware of the latest government projects, policy changes, and other relevant information in the field of agriculture. This consistent effort keeps you well-informed and helps retain the information effectively, contributing to a more robust exam preparation strategy

• Read Newspaper: To stay abreast of current affairs, make it a daily habit to read reputable newspapers such as The Hindu and Indian Express. These newspapers provide in-depth coverage of national and international events, including agriculture-related ones. Additionally, supplement your reading with monthly current-events magazines like Kurukshetra and Yojana, which delve into specific topics related to agriculture, rural development, and government schemes. The Press Information Bureau is a valuable source for official government announcements and releases. By combining daily newspaper reading with monthly magazines and official updates, you’ll build a comprehensive understanding of current affairs in agriculture, enhancing your preparation for exams like NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM.

• BeePedia: BeePedia serves as a valuable resource for students preparing for competitive exams conducted by regulatory bodies such as RBI, NABARD, and SEBI, as well as for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, and Bank SO exams like IBPS PO, SBI PO, IBPS AFO, and other Bank PO & Clerk Exams. It is designed to fulfil aspirants’ General Awareness (GA) content requirements. As a weekly and monthly comprehensive document, BeePedia likely covers various topics relevant to the banking and financial sector, including updates on current affairs, the Union Budget, economic developments, regulatory changes, and other essential information. This resource aims to support aspirants in their exam preparation by providing them with up-to-date and relevant content to enhance their knowledge and readiness for competitive exams.
  
• Online Study Materials: Leverage online study materials for a comprehensive and flexible exam preparation. Accessing platforms like ixamBee, you can benefit from their NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM Online Course, offering structured content, practice quizzes, and interactive modules. These online resources provide convenience, allowing you to study at your own pace while ensuring you are well-equipped for current agriculture’s dynamic and evolving topics. Additionally, such  online courses integrate expert guidance, ensuring a targeted and effective learning experience. The course covers the latest syllabus comprehensively, making it a valuable resource for aspirants seeking in-depth knowledge and practice for competitive exams in the agricultural domain. Embrace the flexibility of online study materials and empower yourself for success in NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM exams.

• Mock Tests: Incorporate mock tests into your exam preparation strategy for an authentic and insightful assessment of your readiness. Practice with ixamBee’s NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM Mock Tests to simulate real exam conditions. These tests offer a diverse range of questions, providing a comprehensive understanding of the exam pattern and enhancing your time management skills. Analyze your performance, identify strengths, and address weaknesses to refine your approach. Mock tests are invaluable tools, equipping you with the confidence and competence needed to excel in competitive agriculture exams.
  
• Previous Year Papers: Solving previous year papers is an indispensable aspect of exam preparation, offering valuable insights into the exam pattern and question types. Utilize ixamBee’s NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM Previous Year Papers to familiarize yourself with the format and enhance your problem-solving skills. Analyzing past papers aids in identifying recurring topics and understanding the level of difficulty. This strategic practice ensures a well-rounded preparation, allowing you to approach the actual exam with confidence and efficiency.

Summing Up

Success in NABARD Grade A and FCI AGM exams requires a strategic approach to current agriculture. Prioritize scheme-related study, stay updated with PIB releases, read newspapers and BeePedia, and leverage online courses and mock tests, primarily from ixamBee. Practice with previous year papers for comprehensive preparation. By adopting this multifaceted strategy, aspirants can confidently navigate the dynamic landscape of current agriculture, enhancing their chances of success in these competitive exams.

To help you prepare 50% faster for competitive exams, ixamBee provides a free Mock Test Series and all the Current Affairs in English and Current Affairs in Hindi in the BeePedia capsules for GA Preparation. You can also get the latest updates for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, SSC, RBI Grade B, NABARD, and Other Government Jobs.

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The post Tips to Prepare for Current Agriculture for NABARD Grade A, FCI AGM Exam appeared first on ixambee.

In this article, we will share some sure-fire tips with you that you must use in these last few days that will help you ace your exam. 

FCI AGM 2021 Last-Minute Dos and Don’ts. 

• Be confident: It is quite normal to feel like you’re under-prepared for the exam even after months of rigorous preparation. However, don’t let your nerves get the better of you. You have studied hard and your hard work will be rewarded. 
  
• Rest well: Now is the time to step back and take some rest. You have been working hard for weeks and now, a few days before the exam, it is time for you to rewind and relax. It is important that you are well-rested on the day of the examination. It will revitalize your mind and enhance your overall performance. 
  
• Don’t begin new topics: If you feel like you have missed some topics in your preparation, now is not the time to study them. Focus on what you have already prepared and believe that it will help you sail through. 
  
• Revise your notes: If you have been making notes during the course of your preparation, use this time to read and revise with their help. 
  
• Brush up on your General Awareness: You can brush up on your General Awareness in these last few days. While it makes for a light read, it is a very scoring subject for your exam. Use this time to read updates on BeePedia. These short and germane notes will give you an overview of important events from all areas of Current Affairs. 
  
• Prepare yourself for D-Day: Now that you are well-aware of how your overall preparation stands, make a rough plan for your exam-day strategy. Which section(s) will you attempt first? Which section(s) will take you more time than others? Have an idea in your mind about how you will approach the paper. 
  
• Pack your bag and sit tight: Make ready the bag you will carry on your exam day a night before the exam. Ensure you are carrying all the things you will need and at the same time ONLY the things you will need. Most importantly, remember to carry your id proof and admit card. If you have still not downloaded your FCI AGM 2021 Admit Card, do that NOW!
  
• Re-read the instructions: It would be wise to re-read the general instructions provided in the official notification once again so that you have everything in order. 
  
• Maintain safety measures: While you may have a hundred other things on your mind on the day of the exam, do not let your safety measures slip at any point. Make sure you don’t forget to wear a mask to the exam centre in all your hurry. Maintain a distance if you have to stand in a line of any sort while entering or exiting the exam hall. Most importantly, remember to carry a sanitizer and to sanitize your hands frequently.

We know you have been studying hard and practicing diligently for your exam. While it’s okay to be nervous, do not let your worry get the better of you. On the day of the exam, calm your nerves and remain confident. You got this!

ixamBee wishes you all the very best!!

Since there is only one written examination, this is your win it or lose it opportunity. It is time now to give your all. We hope this quote by Bill Murray will inspire you to go seize the day.

“Whatever you do, always give 100%. Unless you’re donating blood”

At ixamBee you can find free Online Test Series, GK updates in the form of Beepedia, as well as latest updates for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, SSC, RBI, NABARD and Other Government Jobs.

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FCI AGM 2021: Preparation Strategy for Management and Ethics

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The FCI AGM 2021 Exams are to be held on July 17 and 18, 2021. We hope you are already well-prepared and ready to take the exam head-on! In this article, we will give you a quick overview of the Management and Ethics Syllabus so you can recap and revise. Some sample questions have also been provided at the end for your practice. 

FCI AGM 2021: Management and Ethics Syllabus Overview

Management

The detailed syllabus for the Management section of the paper has been provided below. 

Ethics

The detailed syllabus for the Ethics section of the paper has been provided below

Management & Ethics can look like a daunting subject to those who do not have a background in Management studies. Students especially find Ethics more difficult since the syllabus is quite vast. All in all, we can divide the entire Ethics syllabus into the following 10 topics. 

However, we can divide the entire syllabus into 10 topics as follows:

1. Introduction
2. Business Ethics
3. Importance of Ethics
4. Theories
5. Organisation & Ethics
6. Ethics in various verticals
7. Board’s role
8. Best practices
9. Codes
10. Corporate culture in Ethical Business

The entire syllabus can be covered under these topics. Now that we’ve simplified the structure of the syllabus for you, all there is left for you to do is shake a leg and ace this examination.  

FCI AGM 2021: Management and Ethics Some Important Questions

Q. Your finances are low. Dad has taken loans which need to be repaid, failing which interest will mount. Your uncle in Mauritius offers to help you by joining a quick money scheme.  He will open an offshore account for you where the profits would be credited.  You are not told about his modus operandi, but you suspect it is not exactly legal. He only wants an investment of Rs 35000 and promises you enough from your minimal investment that he will help you sail through your crisis. Do you: 

1. Give him Rs 35000, deciding if you don’t know how he is making it, you’re in the clear? 

2. Demand to know the details before getting involved? 

3. Decide you want no part of this deal, as you trust your instinct that the offer is shady and you might even get in legal trouble?

Q. Your close friend confides in you that she committed forgery. She clarifies that she was having trouble sleeping at night and feels you are the only one she can trust with her confession. A few days later, you read in the paper that an unknown guy has been arrested for your friend’s crime. Do you: 

1. Go to the police and tell them what you know? 

2. Encourage your friend to confess and warn her if she does not do so, you will tell? 

3. Say nothing because you will not betray a friend’s confidence?

Q. Mr. Yogesh has been appointed by the Cyber Security Department of Indian Government to break into one of the government websites and check for security breaches. What among the following is a suitable description of Yogesh’s profile?

1. Hacker
2. Ethical Hacker
3. Troll
4. Black Hat Hacker
5. Cyber defence personnel

I hope this article has given you a fair sense of what the Management & Ethics syllabus entails and what you can expect in the examination. If you have any queries concerning this subject, any other subjects or anything related to the FCI AGM 2021 Exam you can find all the information at ixamBee. 

If you are appearing for the FCI AGM Exam in this recruitment cycle, we are confident that you are already at the top of your preparation. As part of your revision, you can make use of free mock tests that will give you a feel of the actual exam and exam day. Moreover, it will drive the nervous jitteriness away. 

 Also, make sure you are up-to-date on your General Awareness preparation now that the exam is knocking at your door. You can find all the information and updates you need on ixamBee BeePedia. BeePedia is also available in Hindi. 

At ixamBee, we provide online courses that help aspirants prepare for competitive examinations. If you are on the edge about whether you want to sit for a particular exam or not, you can even take a demo course before you enrol to help make up your mind. 

ixamBee wishes you all the very best! 

At ixamBee you can find free Online Test Series, GK updates in the form of Beepedia, as well as latest updates for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, SSC, RBI, NABARD and Other Government Jobs.

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FCI AGM 2021: Admit Cards Out!!

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FCI AGM 2021: Exam Pattern and Syllabus

FCI AGM 2021: Important Questions for Agriculture

The post <strong>FCI AGM 2021: Management and Ethics Syllabus and Strategy</strong> appeared first on ixambee.

FCI AGM 2021 Admit Cards Out

The FCI AGM 2021 Admit Cards have been released on July 1, 2021. Candidates can download their Call Letters between July 1 and 18, 2021. Registered candidates can log in using their Roll no./ Registration no. and Password/D.O.B to download the Admit Cards.

FCI AGM 2021 Exam Overview

FCI AGM 2021 Exam Dates

On June 17, 2021, the FCI released an official notification in which they announced the FCI AGM exam dates. The exams are to be held on 17^th and 18^th July 2021. Candidates must take note that the FCI Assistant General Manager (Accounts/Law/Technical) and Medical Officer exam will be held on July 17, 2021. Whereas, the Assistant General Manager (General Administration) will be held the next day on July 18, 2021.

You should also check all the details related to the exam pattern, syllabus and preparation strategy to prepare for this upcoming exam. 

Have you also filled in an application for the FCI AGM exam? Are you getting worked up now that the exams are actually announced and knocking on your door? Don’t worry, ixamBee is here for you. At ixamBee, you can find online courses for the General Administration and Specialist posts as well depending upon the post you have applied for. You should also take a free mock test to evaluate your preparation so that you can make the most of the month that you have before D-Day. 

Particularly for your General Awareness preparation for the FCI AGM exam, you should take a look at our weekly updates on all aspects of general awareness on BeePedia. Moreover, these BeePedia updates are comprehensive and free and you can download them from the ixamBee website. BeePedia is also available in Hindi. 

At ixamBee you can find free Online Test Series, GK updates in form of Beepedia, as well as latest updates for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, SSC, RBI, NABARD and Other Government Jobs.

Also read

General Awareness for FCI AGM

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FCI AGM 2021: Exam Pattern and Syllabus

FCI AGM 2021: Important Questions for Agriculture

The post FCI AGM 2021: Admit Cards Out!! appeared first on ixambee.

In this article, we will review a few important questions that can be asked in the FCI AGM exam for the Agriculture and Agriculture Economy sections. Each question will be accompanied by a brief discussion about the same. 

FCI AGM 2021: Important Questions for Agriculture and Agriculture Economy

1. Which of the following agro-ecological zones contains alluvium-derived soil?

1. North-Eastern Hills
2. Eastern Coastal Plains
3. Islands of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep 
4. Northern Plain & Central Highlands
5. Central (Malwa) Highlands and Kathiawara Peninsula

Ans: 4

Northern Plain & Central Highland are hot semi-arid ecological regions with alluvium-derived soils. India has been divided into 20 agro-ecological zones. India has also been divided into 15 agro-climatic zones. 

2. In this system, the crops of different heights and vertical layers of leaf canopies, sunlight requirements and root system are grown together on the same field. 

1. Mixed cropping
2. Intercropping 
3. Multi cropping
4. Mono cropping 
5. Multi-storied cropping 

Ans: 5

Mixed cropping is when two crops are mixed and sown in the same field at the same time. Intercropping involves sowing layers of crops in an alternating fashion. For example, if one row is wheat the other is mustard and so on. Many crops are sown together in multi-cropping.  When only one type of crop is planted at a time in a field, it is called Mono cropping. 

3. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) is generally ___________ with sprinkler and drip irrigation than the surface method of irrigation. 

1. Equal 
2. Lower
3. Higher
4. Negligible 
5. At par. 

Ans: 3

In drip and sprinkler irrigation, there is a pipe that has tiny holes in it. Water from these holes directly irrigates the root area of the plants thereby maximizing water irrigation and minimizing wastage of water. 

4. Which of the following is not an issue related to marketing problems in India? 

1. Fragmented supply chain
2. Poor market infrastructure
3. Presence of a large number of middlemen and cartelization 
4. Malpractices in unregulated markets 
5. Lack of modern road and rail infrastructure 

Ans: 5

Lack of modern road and rail infrastructure is not directly related to marketing problems. These are transportation concerns. 

5. Electronic National Agriculture Markets eNAM, an online platform for helping farmers bid for the best prices across markets by integrating agricultural markets online was launched in the year ______.

1. 2014
2. 2018
3. 2020
4. 2017
5. 2016

Ans: 5

Learn more about eNAM as it is an important topic for Agriculture and Agriculture Economy. 

6. For how many crops is the Minimum Support Price (MSP) announced by the government? 

1. 20
2. 21
3. 22
4. 23
5. 24

Ans: 3

There are 22 crops under the ambit of MSP and 1 crop under Fair and Remunerative Price, i.e., sugarcane. 

7. Movement of soil from raindrop splash and runoff water which often goes unnoticed but results in the loss of topmost soil is known as ___________. 

1. Sheet erosion
2. Rill erosion
3. Gully erosion 
4. Bank erosion 
5. Both B and C

Ans: 1 

The topmost layer (or sheet) of soil gets washed away thereby eroding the soil. This usually occurs on a uniform slope of 1 percent or less. Sheet erosion usually remains unnoticed until the entire productive top-most layer is lost. 

8. Rice-Pulse crop pattern is commonly practiced in the regions of ___________.

1. Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Bihar
2. UP, Rajasthan, MP
3. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka 
4. UP, Punjab, Haryana
5. Maharashtra, MP, Rajasthan

Ans: 1

Rice is grown in many parts of the country. That is why you must bear in mind that areas cultivating pulses must also be considered to obtain the correct answer.  For example, rice and wheat are cultivated in UP, Rajasthan and MP but pulses are not. 

9. After independence, an Act was passed by which around 30 lakh tenants and share-croppers acquired ownership rights over a total of 62 lakh acres of land all over the country. Name this act. 

1. Land Ceilings Act
2. Zamindari Abolition Act
3. Ryotwari Act
4. Tenancy Reforms 
5. Zamindari Act

Ans: 2

The Zamindari and Rytowari Acts were in function during the period of the British Raj in India. Once India became independent, the Zamindari Act was abolished soon after. 

10. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) set up an All-India Soil Survey Committee in 1953 which divided the Indian soils into _____ major groups. 

1. Seven 
2. Eight 
3. Four
4. Twelve 
5. Six

Ans: 2

There are 8 major types of soils divided based on colour. These are- Alluvial Soil, Black Soil, Red Soil, Laterite Soil, Arid and Desert Soil, Saline and Alkaline Soil, Peaty / Marshy soil and Forest Soil. 

11. Which one of the following is categorised under direct subsidies given by the government to the farmer to maintain their continuance under agriculture? 

1. Farm Loan Waiver
2. Kisan Credit Card
3. Rebate in fertilizer 
4. Interest-free loan
5. Reduction in electricity bill

Ans: 4

Direct subsidies are given via direct cash transfer to the beneficiaries. The other options are examples of indirect subsidies given to farmers. 

12. Which of the following is not the responsibility of the Central Government for the Public Distribution System? 

1. Procurement of food grains from farmers at a Minimum Support Price (MSP)
2. Sells to state at Central Issue Prices
3. Transportation of the grains to the storehouses in each state 
4. Providing food grains to states during a time of calamity
5. Transportation of food-grain from storehouses to fair price shops

Ans: 5

The transportation of food-grain from storehouses to fair price shops is the responsibility of the State Governments. 

13. Keeping food processing in mind, the Ministry of Food Processing Industries launched Operation Greens again in the year 2020 with the target to cover which of the following crops under it? 

1. Tomato, Onion, Potato 
2. Tomato, Pumpkin and Potato 
3. Tomato, Onion, Potato to all fruits
4. Tomato, Onion, Potato to all vegetables
5. Tomato, Onion, Potato to all fruits and vegetables 

Ans: 5

This Operation Greens was initially launched in 2018 for tomatoes, onions and potatoes. It was relaunched in 2020 and its benefits were extended to all fruits and vegetables. 

14. Which of the following is/are possible outcome(s) of Land Reforms in India?

1. Abolition of middlemen like landlords 
2. Land ceiling-cap size of landholding to an individual/family 
3. Land possession-mandatory records of landholding 
4. Increased productivity due to land distribution tillers/tenants becomes the owner, thus productivity increased
5. All of these

Ans: 5 

Land reforms include the regulation of ownership, operation, leasing, sales and inheritance of land. Thus, all the options are correct. 

15. When there is one buyer and a large number of sellers, the market condition is known as _________. 

1. Perfect market
2. Monopoly
3. Oligopoly
4. Duopoly 
5. Monopsony 

Ans: 5

In Monopsony, a single buyer substantially controls the market. Monopoly is the opposite of Monopsony. There is only one seller and several buyers. 

16. The primary and basic function in the process of agriculture marketing is _________. 

1. Storage
2. Transportation
3. Procurement 
4. Processing 
5. Wholesale marketing 

Ans: 3

The first step in agriculture marketing is procurement. The Food Corporation of India procures the goods at an MSP. 

17. What is the productive age of layer in commercial poultry production?

1. 10 weeks 
2. 5 weeks
3. 18 weeks
4. 72 weeks
5. 81 weeks

Ans: Layer poultry is reared for egg-laying purposes. The productive age can be between 72-78 weeks. 

18.   When was the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) scheme launched by the government of India? 

1. July 1988
2. May 1999
3. December 2000
4. October 2005
5. Jan 2000

Ans: 3

Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) is a government-sponsored scheme to provide highly subsidised food to millions of poor families. It was launched during Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s Prime Ministership. 

19. What is the vision of FCI? 

1. Ensuring food security for citizens of the country. 
2. Efficient procurement at MSP, storage and distribution of food grains.
3. Ensuring availability of food grains and sugar through appropriate policy instruments; including maintenance of buffer stock of food grains.
4. Making food grains accessible at reasonable prices, especially to the weak and vulnerable sections of the society under PDS.
5. To enhance the research related to increased food grain production and food inflation. 

Ans: 1

20. Biotic stresses are one of the important factors which affect crop production. What is the meaning of biotic factors? 

1. Damage due to insect 
2. Damage due to fungus
3. Damage due to bacteria
4. Damage due to weeds
5. All of the above

Ans: 5

There are two types of factors that affect crop production, they are, biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. As we can see that all of the above are living organisms, therefore, ‘all of the above’ is the correct answer. 

These were just some sample questions that can be asked in the Agriculture and Agriculture Economy section of the paper. You can find all study lessons related to Agriculture and Agriculture Economy on our AgriBee channel. You should also review the entire syllabus for FCI AGM and particularly the Agriculture section because there is little time left before the exams. The syllabus is quite concise and basic so you should be able to score well if you prepare well for the exam. Join our online course as you prepare to ace the FCI AGM exam. 

At ixamBee, you can find online courses that will help you prepare for the government exams of your choice. We also provide previous years’ questions papers and free mock test series for your preparation. 

At ixamBee you can find free Online Test Series, GK updates in the form of BeePedia, as well as latest updates for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, SSC, RBI, NABARD and Other Government Jobs.

Also read

General Awareness for FCI AGM

FCI AGM Exam Date 2021: Latest Update

FCI AGM 2021: Preparation Strategy for Management and Ethics

The post FCI AGM 2021: Important Questions for Agriculture appeared first on ixambee.

What is Management?

Management is an all-pervasive function that runs in the background allowing any organization, however big or small, to function smoothly. It is a multi-disciplinary knowledge branch that is exercised at every level. The discipline of management is an Art and a Science at the same time. 

FCI AGM 2021 Syllabus 

Management & Ethics are assessed for 45 marks in the General Aptitude section of the FCI AGM (General Administration) paper and for 30 marks for other streams like Legal and Technical. The entire paper The detailed syllabus for the entire Management & Ethics syllabus is provided below. 

FCI AGM 2021 Syllabus Analysis 

Management Process

Let us now study some important persons who have defined the shape of the discipline. 

Henry Fayol- Father of Administrative Management

• He gave the 14 Principles of Management. 
• He defined management as “To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command and control. 

Luther Gullick- He coined the term POSDCORB 

• P- Planning
• O- Organizing 
• S- Staffing
• D- Directing
• Co- Coordination
• R- Reporting 
• B- Budgeting 

Management Functions

Koonts & O’Donnell- Their definition of Management functions is most commonly used

• P- Planning
• O- Organizing
• S- Staffing
• D- Directing 
• C- Controlling 

The first step in the cycle is planning, after which the successive steps follow. This is a continuous process that is repeated over and over. All steps of the cycle are deeply interlinked. 

Planning– This is the primary function of management. Every other step can only be put into motion and successively achieved if it is planned for. At the very start, you have to make a plan through which you design your vision and then put your objectives into action to achieve your final goal. 

Organizing- Once you have designed a blueprint for your plan, you have to start organizing and streamlining your resources. These resources can be physical, human and/or financial. Different resources are put to different uses so that the entire objective can be achieved. A very important part of organizing is delegation or assignment of duties. This involves the delegation of authority and creation of responsibility. 

Staffing- Staffing involves roping in the right person for the job. This is also called P-J fit or Person- Job fit. You have to find the person with the requisite skills who fits the needs of the job. This is how managers build their human resources. Training and development of skill sets is an important part of this process. 

Directing- One of the most important parts of a manager’s job is to lead the team through their example. You have to supervise the work and communicate well with the members of your team. 

Controlling- At the end of the cycle, ultimately did you achieve the objectives or not? So, the manager has to ensure that through the rest of the process, the final goals have been actually achieved. Only then can the efforts, invested previously, be of any use. You have to establish a standard and measure the actual performance. By finding the deviation, you have to take corrective action. 

14 Principles of Management

As we have already spoken of before, the 14 Principles of Management were devised by Henry Fayol. You can expect simple questions like ‘Who coined the 14 Principles of Management?’The 14 principles are as follows: 

1. Division of Work
2. Authority and Responsibility
3. Discipline 
4. Unity of Command
5. Unity of Direction 
6. Interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Scalar Chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of Tenure
13. Initiative 
14. Espirit de Corp

Management & Ethics is a very scoring part of the General Awareness syllabus. The concepts are quite basic and easy to remember. So, if you give it due attention and time, you can score very well. Take a look at this video given below to learn about other aspects of the Management & Ethics syllabus as well. 

The FCI AGM exam is expected to be held soon. So, you should not waste any time and immediately join our online course. Here, you will find all the requisite materials for your preparation. It would be wise if you take some free mock tests as well for this exam to evaluate your preparation.. 

At ixamBee you can find free Online Test Series, GK updates in the form of BeePedia, as well as latest updates for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, SSC, RBI, NABARD and Other Government Jobs.

Also read

General Awareness for FCI AGM

FCI AGM Exam Date 2021: Latest Update

FCI AGM (General Administration)- What to prepare?

Management and Ethics: Leadership Styles

The post FCI AGM 2021: Preparation Strategy for Management and Ethics appeared first on ixambee.

FCI AGM 2021 Exam Pattern

The FCI AGM exam is conducted for the recruitment of personnels for the posts of Assistant General Manager (General Administration/ Technical/ Accounts/ Law) and Medical Officers. The Exam pattern is provided below.

The FCI AGM (General Administration) exam is held for a total of 180 marks. All the sections consist of 45 questions that carry a weightage of 1 mark each. For the remaining examinations, 120 questions are asked from General Awareness with 30 questions from each section. 60 questions are asked from the relevant discipline for each of the exams, such as Law or Accounts. However, the GA syllabus is the same for all streams. The total time allotted is 150 minutes. There is no negative marking.

FCI AGM 2021 Syllabus Overview

The General Aptitude Syllabus for the FCI AGM Exam 2021 has been provided below in detail.

FCI AGM 2021 Syllabus Analysis

Reasoning

From Reasoning, Data Analysis and Numerical Ability, the most important topics are Data Interpretation, Syllogism, Arithmetic (Word) Problems, Number Series, Seating Arrangements and Quadratic Equations. 

Management & Ethics

While Management & Ethics may look like a relatively new subject to many candidates, the topics are quite basic and simple. Wondering how to effectively prepare Management and ethics syllabus? Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered. We have analyzed the Management & Ethics syllabus in detail and how you can effectively cover the same within a limited time. 

Agriculture and Agriculture Economy

From Agriculture, three topics are the most important. The entire syllabus can be divided under three broadheads, they are, Agronomy, Soil Science and Irrigation. Our Agriculture-expert faculty, Kailash Tiwari has reviewed the syllabus to help you understand which are the most important topics for this exam. The important sub-topics for each have also been given below. 

1. Agronomy: 

• Physical and Social environment as factors of crop distribution and production.
• Agroecology
• Cropping pattern
• Major crops- cropping patterns in various parts of the country

2. Soil Science

• Soil- Physical, chemical and biological properties
• Soils of India
• Soil conversion 
• Integrated watershed management 
• Soil erosion and its management 
• Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems 

3. Irrigation

4. Other topics

• Environment pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans
• Green House Effect and Global Warming
• Storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints
• e-technology in the aid of farmers

From the Agriculture economy, it is important to know about the direct cash or indirect subsidies given to the farmers. Food Processing and related industries, its scope and significance, is an important topic because a Ministry has been established for it. Land reforms in India is an important topic as well. This was begun during Akbar’s reign and new reforms were introduced over the years with successive regimes/governments. Other important subjects are: 

1. Public Distribution System: objectives, functioning, limitations and revamping
2. Issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions
3. Agriculture production economics 
4. Agricultural marketing and price analysis 

You can find all related study videos on Agriculture and Agriculture economy on our AgriBee channel. You should also take a look at the syllabi for the relevant disciplines for the other AGM and Medical Officer posts in detail. 

The FCI AGM exam is less than a month away. So, you should not waste any time and immediately join our online course. Here, you will find all the requisite materials for your preparation. On our website, you can find free mock tests as well for this exam. 

Want a headstart on your General Awareness preparation but don’t know where to begin? We’ve got you covered. You can find weekly updates on all aspects of general awareness on our BeePedia page. Moreover, these BeePedia updates are comprehensive and free and you can download them from the ixamBee website. BeePedia is also available in Hindi. 

At ixamBee you can find free Online Test Series, GK updates in the form of BeePedia, as well as latest updates for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, SSC, RBI, NABARD and Other Government Jobs.

Also Read

General Awareness for FCI AGM

FCI AGM Exam Date 2021: Latest Update

The post FCI AGM 2021: Exam Pattern and Syllabus appeared first on ixambee.

FCI AGM Exam 2021

The FCI AGM Exam is conducted in two phases, namely, a written examination and an interview. The written examination consists of 180 objective-type questions for one mark each. The time allotted is 150 minutes. The paper is divided into four sections with 45 questions each in which the following subjects are tested:

• Reasoning, Data Analysis, Numerical Ability
• Management and Ethics
• Agriculture, Agriculture Economy and Computer awareness
• General Awareness, Current Affairs

FCI AGM General Awareness Syllabus

• Current Affairs (past 3-6 months)
• Union Budget 2021
• Sports
• Science and technology news
• Static G.K.
• Latest Appointments, Obituaries, Awards and Summits
• Important News and Acts related to FCI
• History of the FCI

How to Prepare General Awareness for FCI AGM?

• You must read the newspaper daily.
• Stay up to date with the latest important events. 
• Learn about the history and functioning of the FCI.
• Important events and trends related to the FCI (if any).
• Attempt a free mock test to understand the exam pattern and comprehend your preparation. 
• Read ixamBee’s BeePedia.

FCI AGM General Awareness Trivia 

We have compiled a list of General Awareness trivia for you for the last 3 months. As you will see, the trivia is for a variety of topics that may be assessed in the FCI AGM examination. This will give you an idea about what kind of questions may be asked and accordingly what it is that you need to prepare. 

• First Italian mega Food Park & food processing project launched in India on April 17, 2021.
• Guillermo Lasso was elected President of Ecuador in April 2021. 
• India and Russia to Establish “2+2” Dialogue to Boost Partnership
• Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays conferred upon Bangalore teacher Shyamala Ganesh for her contribution toward Japanese language and culture in Karnataka
• Lewis Hamilton won the Portuguese Grand Prix for Mercedes in May 2021.
• Seema Bisla becomes the fourth Indian female wrestler to qualify for Tokyo Olympics.
• The 2020 UEFA European Football Championship commenced on Friday, May 11, 2021. 
• The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G) achieved a 92 percent target in its first phase from 2016-17 to 2018-19.
• In April 2021, US President Joe Biden announced that all American troops would be withdrawn from Afghanistan by September 11, 2021. 
• Sonu Sood was appointed the Brand Ambassador of COVID Vaccination Drive in Punjab.
• Archaeologists have discovered ruins of an ancient city in Luxor, located on the east bank of the Nile River in Southern Egypt. The city is named ‘Aten’

ixamBee BeePedia for FCI AGM General Awareness

If you want to stay at the top of your General Awareness preparation, BeePedia is your one-stop solution. It provides you with all the requisite content for the FCI AGM exam. 

• BeePedia covers Current Affairs, Banking Awareness, Economic news updates and financial news updates, weekly Current Affairs, Banking Awareness. 
• It also provides summaries on updates from various government ministries and particularly from the Press Information Bureau (PIB). 
• It covers updates on Finance and Banking, Economy, National and International News, Reports & Indexes, Science & Technology, Agriculture & Rural Development, Defence, Awards and Sports. 
• It also covers the relevant static information related to the current affairs/news to provide you the convenience of all related information in one place.
• BeePedia is published weekly and can be downloaded as a PDF. 
• A monthly article is published at the end of the month that incorporates all the important information for the month. 
• BeePedia is available in English and Hindi.

Resources for FCI AGM General Awareness

• BeePeedia
• Kurukshetra magazine
• Yojana magazine
• PIB reports 
• Lucent’s General Knowledge
• Rapid General Knowledge, Disha Publications
• Manorama Yearbook, Malayala Manorama Publications
• Pratiyogita Darpan, Upkar Publications

At ixamBee, you can find all the requisite material for your FCI AGM exam preparation in our online course. Here you can avail of all-encompassing study materials consisting of video lessons, study notes in PDF format, full-length practice tests and practice questions along with live classes for doubt clarification with subject experts. 

ixamBee has launched a ‘Get Vaccinated, Get Rewarded‘ offer to provide a flat 18% off to candidates who are preparing for competitive examinations and would like to buy any of our courses. To avail of this offer, all you have to do is upload a picture of yourself getting jabbed.

Stay Home, Stay Safe!

Also read:

FCI Assistant General Manager Online Course [General Administration]

FCI AGM (General Administration)- What to prepare?

FCI Assistant General Manager – An Insight into Different Job Profile

At ixamBEE you can find free Online Test Series, GK updates in form of Beepedia, as well as latest updates for Bank PO, Bank Clerk, SSC, RBI, NABARD and Other Government Jobs.

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Policymakers and academicians in India continue to be equally concerned about land issues. The perceived impact of liberalisation and opening up the economy has reignited interest in land issues. Tenancy, land ceilings, and land administration are all being looked at from a different angle. Legalizing tenancy, updating ceiling limits, land quality, confronting the challenge of small holdings as a result of marginalisation, and land administration are among the topics that have resurfaced in the debate. 

In India, land reform mainly refers to the redistribution of land from the rich to the poor. Land reforms are frequently linked to the redistribution of agricultural land, and hence to agrarian reforms. Land reforms cover issues such as land ownership, operation, leasing, sales, and inheritance (indeed, the redistribution of the land itself requires legal changes). There are compelling economic and political arguments for land reform in an agrarian economy like India, where land is scarce and unequally distributed, and a huge portion of the rural population lives in poverty. It was, therefore, given top importance on the policy agenda at the time of independence.

History of Land Reforms in India

Land is the foundation of all economic activity in any country. Though there are occasions in India’s history where land was considered private property by individuals who had control over it, the practice of tribal tribes with collective land ownership stands out. Land like several other gifts of nature was considered free for everyone by many communities who didn’t bother to resolve boundaries for private ownership. However, under British colonial rule, India’s land ownership structure shifted dramatically. British cultivators and Zamindars took the land of numerous tribal/forest populations, and land tax was frequently collected through systems such as Zamindari and Ryotwari or Mahalwari.

Since India’s independence from British rule, land reforms have been a key issue of government policy debate. Because of the country’s agrarian realities, peasants actively supported the independence struggle and the Congress Party’s “Land to the Tiller” policy. During the British administration, the agrarian system formed with a deep historical background. Todar Mal’s land-revenue system implemented during Akbar’s reign can be traced back to the beginning of systematic land management initiatives.

Post Independence

Immediately after Independence, a committee headed by the late Shri J. C. Kumarappa (a senior Congress leader) was formed to investigate the land issue. The Kumarappa Committee advocated broad agrarian reforms in their report. Legislative initiatives to solve the concerns outlined by the Kumarappa Committee dominated India’s land policy in the decades after independence. A substantial percentage of legislation was adopted, much of it flawed, and only a small percentage of it was executed.

The Land Reforms of independent India had four components:

• The Abolition of the Intermediaries
• Tenancy Reforms
• Fixing Ceilings on Landholdings
• Consolidation of Landholdings

Since independence, India’s land reform has gone through four distinct phases.

• The first and longest phase, from 1950 to 1972, was characterized by land reforms that encompassed three important initiatives: the elimination of intermediaries, tenancy reform, and land redistribution utilizing land ceilings. The removal of intermediaries was largely successful but tenancy reform and land ceilings were not.
• The second phase, which lasted from 1972 to 1985, focused on bringing the uncultivated area under cultivation
• The third phase (1985 – 95) largely focused on soil and water conservation through the Watershed Development, Drought-Prone Area Development (DPAP), and Desert-Area Development Programmes (DADP). To focus on wasteland and deteriorated land, the federal government formed the Waste Land Development Agency. Some of the land policies from this phase were carried over into the next year.
• The fourth and current policy phase (1995 onwards) focuses on disputes concerning the need to keep land legislation in place as well as initiatives to improve land revenue administration and, in particular, land record clarity

Zamindari Abolition Acts

When these acts were first passed in several states, they were challenged in court as violating the Indian Constitution’s right to property. As a result, modifications to the Constitution were voted in Parliament to make the removal of landlordism legitimate. Many states had passed Zamindari abolition laws by 1956. As a result, around 30 lakh tenants and share-croppers across the country now have ownership rights to a total of 62 lakh acres of land.

Tenancy reforms

After the Zamindari Abolition Acts were passed, the next significant issue was tenancy regulation. During the pre-independence period, renters paid extravagant rents, ranging from 35 percent to 75 percent of gross product across India. Tenancy laws were enacted to limit rent, offer tenants with security of tenure, and provide them ownership rights. Fair rent was set at 20% to 25% of gross yield in all states except Punjab, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and some areas of Andhra Pradesh with the adoption of legislation (early 1950s) to regulate the rent due by cultivators.

This reform focused on three areas:

• Rent regulation
• Tenure security
• Conferring ownership to tenants 

These laws were never effectively implemented in the majority of states. Despite repeated emphasis in the plan materials, some governments have been unable to adopt legislation granting tenants ownership rights.

In India, only a few states have totally eliminated tenancy, while others have clearly defined rights for recognised tenants and sharecroppers.

Despite the fact that the reforms reduced the amount of land under tenancy, only a small fraction of tenants gained ownership rights.

Land Ceilings Act

The term “land ceiling” refers to a limit on the amount of land that a family or individual can own. Land that is surplus is distributed to landless individuals such as tenants, farmers, and agricultural labourers. The Kumarappan Committee advised in 1942 that a landlord’s holdings be limited to a certain amount of land. It was three times the economic holding, or enough to support a family.

By 1961-62, all state legislatures had passed land ceiling legislation. However, the ceiling restrictions differed per state. In 1971, a new land ceiling regulation was developed to bring uniformity among states. National guidelines were issued in 1972, with ceiling limitations that varied by region, depending on the type of land, its productivity, and other considerations. The best property was 10-18 acres, second-class land was 18-27 acres, and the rest of the property was 27-54 acres with a little higher limit on the hill and desert areas.

Consolidation of Landholdings

The reorganization/redistribution of fragmented lands into one plot was referred to as consolidation. With a growing population and fewer job opportunities in non-agricultural sectors, land pressure has intensified, leading to a growing trend of land fragmentation.

Because of the land fragmentation, irrigation management and human control of land parcels became extremely challenging. As a result, landholdings consolidation was implemented.

If a farmer held a few plots of land in the village, under this act, those plots were merged into one larger piece of land, either by purchasing or exchanging the land.

Except for Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, and parts of Andhra Pradesh, almost every state has passed legislation allowing holding companies to merge. In Punjab and Haryana, land consolidation was required, although in other states, consolidation was permitted on a voluntary basis if the majority of landowners agreed.

Outcomes of Land Reforms in India

• Abolition of middlemen like landlords
• Land Ceiling: With a limit on the amount of a landholding, an individual or family could have a more fair allocation of land. The land reforms would not have been at least partially successful if only landlords were abolished and there was no land ceiling. The land ceiling prevented rich farmers or higher-ranking tenants from becoming the new avatar Zamindars.
• Land possession: Land is a source of both economic and social status. Land reforms made it essential to keep records of holdings which was previously not the case. It is also necessary to document all tenancy agreements.
• Increased productivity: More land came under cultivation and since tillers themselves became the landowners, productivity increased.

Drawbacks of land reforms in India

Many small and marginal farmers in India still fall into the clutches of moneylenders and remain in debt.

• Poverty still prevails in rural areas
• The maximum amount of land you can own varies by state
• The act exempted several plantations from the land ceiling
• Many people possess vast swaths of land under the label ‘benami’
• Agrarian reforms, which deal with efforts to improve the productivity of land particularly agricultural land are also included in land reforms. The Green Revolution is an example of this.

The proposals of the Central Land Reforms Committee were impounded in the late 1960s and early 1970s to close different loopholes in the land reforms.

Current Scenario of Land Reforms in India

The government was in charge of land acquisition conducted by the Land Acquisition Act of 1894. The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act of 2013 replaced this statute, which was obsolete and inadequate to satisfy farmers’ concerns. The government suggested a few changes to the law in 2015, introducing the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement (Amendment) Bill of 2015, which became an ordinance in 2016.

Way Forward

The NITI Aayog and other industry groups are now arguing that land leasing should be introduced on a massive scale to allow landowners with unviable holdings to lease out land for investment. It will result in increased revenue and employment in rural regions. The consolidation of landholdings would help with this cause.

Land record digitization is a modern land reform policy that must be implemented as soon as possible.

Closing Remarks

Land reform policies have been implemented at a slow pace. The purpose of social justice, on the other hand, has been achieved to a large extent.

The rural agrarian economy, which is dominated by land and agriculture, benefits greatly from land reform. To reduce rural poverty, fresh and innovative land reform initiatives should be implemented with renewed vigour.

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