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The Z-score formula for predicting bankruptcy was published in 1968 by Edward I Altman The original Z-score formula was as follows: Z = 1.2X1 + 1.4X2 + 3.3X3 + 0.6X4 + 1.0X5. X1 = working capital / total assets. Measures liquid assets in relation to the size of the company. X2 = retained earnings / total assets. Measures profitability that reflects the company's age and earning power. X3 = earnings before interest and taxes / total assets. Measures operating efficiency apart from tax and leveraging factors. It recognizes operating earnings as being important to long-term viability. X4 = market value of equity/book value of total liabilities. Adds market dimension that can show up security price fluctuation as a possible red flag. X5 = sales / total assets. The standard measure for total asset turnover (varies greatly from industry to industry).
How do you typically respond to failure or setbacks?
How important is it for you to have a sense of control?
How important is it to you to be acknowledged and complimented for your efforts?
How do you typically handle conflicts within your personal relationships?
How likely are you to forgive someone who has hurt you deeply, even if they do not apologize?
How important is it for you to have control over your environment?
How important is it for you to have a strong sense of identity or self-concept?
How often do you find yourself worrying about the future or things you cannot control?
Are you more of a logical or emotional person?
How do you deal with difficult people or situations?
