Solution

The kernel is the core component of an operating system that manages and allocates system resources among various running processes. It acts as a bridge between applications and the physical hardware of the computer. The kernel is responsible for critical tasks like process management , memory management , device management , and system calls . It ensures that different applications get their required share of CPU time, memory, and access to devices without interfering with each other. By controlling how hardware and software interact, the kernel provides an efficient and stable environment for the operating system to run multiple processes simultaneously. a) File System: The file system is a component of the operating system that is responsible for managing and organizing data on storage devices. It defines how data is stored, accessed, and managed on disks or other storage media. c) Shell: The shell is a user interface that allows users to interact with the operating system through commands. It can be either a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI). d) Device Drivers:Device drivers are specialized software components that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware devices like printers, keyboards, and network cards. e) User Interface: The user interface refers to the part of the operating system that interacts directly with the user, typically through graphical elements (like windows, icons, and menus) or a command-line interface.