Solution

The core difference between probability-based and non-probability-based sampling lies in the selection process. In probability-based sampling, each member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected, which allows for the application of statistical techniques that generalize findings to the entire population. This method includes random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling. Non-probability sampling, on the other hand, involves methods where selection is based on convenience or judgment (e.g., convenience sampling, judgmental sampling), meaning some individuals may not have a chance of being selected. This can introduce bias, making it less reliable for generalizations. Why Other Options Are Incorrect: • A: Probability-based sampling does not guarantee a perfectly representative sample; it only ensures that each member has a known probability of selection. • B: Probability-based sampling relies on random selection, not non-probability sampling. Non-probability sampling may use judgment or convenience as a selection method. • D: Both sampling methods can be used for datasets of various sizes. Probability sampling is often preferred for larger, diverse datasets for better generalization. • E: Both probability and non-probability sampling can be used for hypothesis testing, but probability sampling is more reliable for ensuring validity in hypothesis tests.