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    Question

    Which cryptographic concept ensures that data integrity

    is preserved and cannot be altered during transmission?
    A Symmetric Key Encryption Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    B Asymmetric Key Encryption Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    C Hash Functions Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    D Digital Signatures Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    E Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

    Solution

    Hash Functions are a fundamental cryptographic tool for ensuring data integrity. They generate a fixed-length hash value (digest) from input data. Any change in the input, even by a single bit, results in a completely different hash value, making tampering evident. For instance, if a file's hash is computed before transmission and verified upon receipt, any alteration to the file will produce a mismatched hash. Algorithms like SHA-256 are commonly used. Hash functions are widely applied in digital signatures and certificates to validate integrity and detect unauthorized changes. Why Other Options Are Incorrect :

    1. Symmetric Key Encryption : Ensures confidentiality but does not directly verify integrity.
    2. Asymmetric Key Encryption : Protects data through key pairs but does not ensure integrity by itself.
    3. Digital Signatures : While they ensure integrity, they use hash functions internally and offer additional authentication.
    4. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) : Manages keys and certificates but doesn’t directly compute integrity checks.

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