Question

Read the passage mentioned below and answer the questions that follow: "India, as a democratic nation, adopted a written constitution on January 26, 1950, which established a parliamentary form of government. The Constitution of India is a comprehensive document that provides the framework for the functioning of the government and outlines the rights and duties of its citizens. It consists of a preamble and 470 articles, divided into 25 parts, along with 12 schedules and 5 appendices. The Constitution of India is known for its commitment to fundamental rights and social justice. Part III of the Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to the citizens, including the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, right to life and personal liberty, and protection against discrimination. These rights are enforceable by the courts and act as a check on the powers of the government. The Constitution also provides for the separation of powers between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. One of the unique features of the Indian Constitution is its commitment to social justice. The Constitution contains provisions for affirmative action in the form of reservations for historically disadvantaged groups, such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes, in education, employment, and political representation. These provisions aim to address historical injustices and promote equality in society. The Constitution also provides for a federal system of government, where powers are divided between the central government and the state governments. The distribution of powers is outlined in the Seventh Schedule, which lists subjects under the exclusive jurisdiction of the central government, state governments, and subjects on which both governments can legislate. However, the Constitution also empowers the central government to intervene in state affairs under certain circumstances, such as when there is a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a state. To safeguard the independence and impartiality of the judiciary, the Constitution provides for the appointment of judges through a collegium system. The collegium, consisting of the Chief Justice of India and a group of senior judges, has the power to recommend the appointment and transfer of judges in the higher judiciary. This system ensures the judiciary's independence from the executive and protects the rights of the citizens.